The Presence of Racism is Shakespeare's Othello Essay

The Presence of Racism is Shakespeare's Othello - Essay Example Consequently, after the Reformation, it spoke to an opposing political and strict power against Protestantism in England. Around then, Italy was the site of traditional Roman history and progress which prepared for the Renaissance of European culture from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century. (Nostbakken, 2000) Contrasts matter. Othello was not a Venetian by birth and along these lines his status is undecided: he both has a place and doesn't have a place with the city of Venice. He has a place since he is Venice's military general whose fundamental job was to protect the city from potential intruders, and he is a Christian who imparted a typical religion to his kindred Venetian residents. Be that as it may, he is additionally a genuine outsider from an abnormal nation, an outsider and an untouchable. The play shows the intrinsic pressure which exists between the distinctions that set him apart and the characteristics that permit him to play a regarded and essential job in the city's everyday life. Cassio, another key character of this play, is an untouchable however he is to a lesser extent an outsider contrasted with Othello for he is an European man of his word. Cassio originates from the delightful Italian city of Florence. Othello, interestingly originates from the obscure and misconstr ued universe of Africa. (Nostbakken, 2000) The concubines of Venice were whores serving an upper-c... In this play, Shakespeare presents the solid positive and negative effect of personality by abusing numerous degrees of contrast between different characters of the play as recognized by their position and status, and by their places of beginning, reception, or victory. Shakespeare composed this play for English crowds in the mid seventeenth century and this play reflected and reacted to issues, circumstances, and issues of the period. Consequently, the play demonstrated characters characterized by contrasts just as likenesses. It might be said, the reactions of English crowds were likewise affected by their own feeling of way of life as a nation.Iago's character represents the debasement and interest in Venice. In the primary scene, he suggests the act of political preference, instead of fairness, by clarifying that kinship picked up Cassio the title of lieutenancy while Iago's endeavors had fizzled. Iago goes about as a model of personal responsibility as opposed to obligation. Iag o's recommendation to Roderigo to put cash in thy tote exemplified the bare eagerness that outsiders related to Venice's profoundly prosperous trader economy. Iago is naturally vindictive, plotting, and manipulative. His strength in the play reflects the clouded side of mankind and furthermore the clouded side of Venice. Iago is a genuine local of Venice and he has a place there such that Othello, the outcast, doesn't. (Nostbakken, 2000) Venetian ladies were seen to be extremely tricky. Desdemona was appeared as a super-inconspicuous Venetian and suspects for all intents and purposes each man and lady as being unfaithful, two-timing, or unbridled. In any case, Desdemona doesn't fit the Venetian generalization of betrayal and trickiness. She was a devoted lady.

Why is it difficult for parents and children to communicate Research Paper

For what reason is it hard for guardians and youngsters to impart - Research Paper Example Appropriate correspondence among guardians and kids likewise venture that they hold singular incentive to the family, which thusly helps in building up their general certainty level by an extensive level (New Mexico State University, n.d.). Be that as it may, it turns out to be very hard for the guardians to keep up a smooth correspondence with their youngsters explicitly during the immature stage. In this specific stage, the guardians and the kids experience a lot of strain, which in the end brings about crumbling the parent-youngster relationship to a significant degree (Swerdlow-Freed Psychology, P.C, 2014). With this worry, the prime goal of this examination paper is to distinguish alongside talk about the different pressure related components that are looked by the kids during their youth stage, which brings about ill-advised parent-youngster correspondence. The different sorts of parent-kid correspondence issues would be introduced in this examination paper with the point of deciding concerning why it frequently turns out to be very hard for guardians and their kids to convey in a successful way. Youthful Stage Issues. As of now talked about above, parent-youngster correspondence issues generally happen during the pre-adult phase of the kids. During this stage, each youngster wants to be autonomous as far as taking own choices and act as needs be. In this stage, each kid begins requesting for his/her own independence inside the loved ones hover, bringing about raising unsettling influences and strains everywhere (Swerdlow-Freed Psychology, P.C, 2014). Hence, in such manner, it frequently turns out to be a lot of hard for guardians and youngsters to convey. Obliviousness from Parents. At specific occasions, it very well may be seen that the correspondence interface among guardians and youngsters likewise get annihilated because of the numbness made by the guardians towards the kids. Significantly, it is seen that because of the lower level of family pay, the guardians of the youngsters are compelled to work outside. This in the long run gives

Public investments in Austria, Australia and New Zeland

Public investments in Austria, Australia and New Zeland Private and Public Partnership Nov 15, 2018 in Coursework About a Private and Public Partnership A private and public partnership (PPP) is a private business or a government project which is financed and managed by a partnership of one or more private entities and the government. PPP incorporates a private entity and a public entity authority in which private entity offers projects or services to the public and presumes substantial financial, operational, and technical risks of the project. In other different types of PPP, the expenses of partaking the project is exclusively borne by the users of the service and not the general public. However, in other types, the capital investment expenses are met by the private entities on the contract basis with the government to offer accepted services and the expenses of offering the service are partially or wholly borne by the government. The contributions of the government to the PPP are mostly made in form of transfer of existing assets. However, for projects that are focused on developing public goods such as the sector of infrastructu re, the government may offer a capital contribution in form of an instant grant with the aim of making the project to be much attractive to the private entrepreneurs (Barlow, Roehrich, and Wright, 2010). In some other cases, though rare, the government can uphold the project through offering subsidies on revenue such as tax breaks or through elimination of the guaranteed annual revenues for a specified period of time.

The Death And The Afterlife Essay - 1675 Words

Nearly everything could be represented by a god or goddess. Death and the afterlife was represented by Osiris. Aten and Ra were sun gods. The Egyptians felt that they needed to pray and build temples for these gods and goddesses to stay in their favor. These gods were believed to control everything, and if the Egyptians pleased them they would be rewarded. They worshipped their gods by making offerings. They would leave flowers and food in temples to show their respect. Commoners were not often allowed in temples. Priests had plenty of power because the gods were often feared. Most Egyptians did not actually love the gods, but feared their wrath. Commoners could occasionally attend ceremonies. At these ceremonies animals were often sacrificed. Ancient Egyptians believed that if they lived a good life that they would be allowed to live in a paradise in death. When an Egyptian would die, they would be mummified. Properly burying and preserving the body was very important because they believed that the soul would not actually disconnect from the body. Organs deemed important were put in jars and buried with the body. The heart was left inside the body. Once the body was cured in preserving solutions, it was then wrapped in linen cloths. Rich individuals were buried in temples with their most prized possessions. A priest would pray to Anubis for the dead to help them on their journey. Unfortunately, looting of tombs became common place in the destruction of historicalShow MoreRelatedDeath and the Afterlife Essay593 Words   |  3 PagesDeath and the Afterlife A/ Muslims believe in Akhirah. This is the belief that there is eternal life after death in either Heaven (paradise) or Hell. To reach either Hell or Heaven Muslims believe they must cross the Assirat Bridge. While crossing the Assirat Bridge Allah passes his judgement on your soul. The righteous can cross the bridge and reach paradise, but the damned will simply fall off the bridge into the fiery pits of Hell. Paradise is for believersRead MoreDeath, Morality, And The Afterlife919 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea the death, morality, and the afterlife have gradually changed through history. Death has an unavoidable and unpredictable nature. The conceptualization of death and what happens to a person when they die is perplexing to understand. Humans tend to fear the things in which they cannot begin to explain. No one person exactly knows for sure what to expect once they leave this world. So, we have established religion and science in an attempt to allow us to wrap our heads around this idea. EventuallyRead MoreAnalysis Of Death And The Afterlife1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe questions behind death and the afterlife have existed among all people from an immemorial time. Where do we go, what is it like, who or what is there, is what I’m doing today have an impact on where I end up? From the moment of conception to the day people die, there are life choices that are made through certain religious beliefs, this may have an impact on how life is in the afterlife. For Christians and Buddhists the purpose and meaning of their life and how it is lived out is determinedRead MoreDeath, Mortality, And The Afterlife938 Words   |  4 PagesFreud once said that death is inevitable and yet inconceivable. The idea of death, mortality, and afterlife has been a question for the human race since the beginning of time. Throughout time and space these ideas have changed and have been modified according to their own views depending in what region they were born in and the time period. To look at what has changed over the periods we have to look at our history starting with writings like the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hebrew texture, the Bible andRead MoreDesire, Death, And The Afterlife2435 Words   |  10 PagesLovedeep Ghotra ENG4U Mrs. Valdez Monday January 5th, 2014 Desire, Death, and the Afterlife The 1951 play A Streetcar Named Desire explores the fate of the principle characters to which desire leads, as indicated in the title. Desire, in reference to sex is displayed as a destructive force by the author Tennessee Williams, which leads to a series of tragic events in the life of Blanche Dubois, the protagonist. She is the character of focus in this play and has an interesting personality as sheRead MoreSocrates: on Life, Death and the Afterlife1419 Words   |  6 PagesBD Socrates’ views of death as represented in â€Å"The Trial and Death of Socrates† are irrevocably tied to his beliefs of what makes life significant. For Socrates, life must be examined through constant questioning and one must hold the goodness of life above all else. Consequently, even in the face of the un-good, or unjust in Socrates’ case as represented in his trial, it would not be correct to do wrong, return wrong or do harm in return for harm done. Therefore, no act should be performed withRead MoreHamlets Understanding Of Death And The Afterlife1143 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the play, Hamlet’s understanding of death and the afterlife shifts to accommodate his emotional state and the needs of his conscience. Deep down, Hamlet doesn t believe in a true â€Å"afterlife†. After seeing the sins of man, he has a hard time believing that we deserve such a fate and seems to almost hope that all that awaits is peaceful nothingness. However, ce rtain situations cause Hamlet to shift his views as a way to console his conscience and help him to avoid facing his own problemsRead MoreDeath And Afterlife : Judeo Christianity1892 Words   |  8 PagesJulissa Tejeda Death Afterlife in Judeo-Christianity Martyn Lloyd-Jones proclaimed, â€Å"A whole gospel for a whole man!† In an exposition of Romans, he explained that the Gospel cannot be watered down or taken apart; it must be preached for what it is, in its entirety (Jones). If it is true that the complete Gospel takes up the entire person, one must ask what exactly is the entire person? Traditionally, humans have been defined by a combination of body, soul, and spirit. The human body is the connectionRead MoreAztec Beliefs On Death And The Afterlife1467 Words   |  6 PagesAztec view of the afterlife and its significance was the driving force of their life. Aztecs strongly believed in an afterlife. The journey to the afterlife entailed many things. It was believed that the way you died decided how your afterlife would go, not the way you lived. If you didn’t die in the specific ways which sent you to specific gods, you would go through the nine levels hell; in the ninth you would serve for eternity. â€Å"They ar e not places of bliss or damnation, merely multiple levelsRead MoreEmily Dickinson : Death And Afterlife996 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Dickinson: Death and Afterlife Emily Dickinson lived a life of seclusion and grew up in Amherst, Massachusetts. She almost always stayed at home and wore basic clothing, only dressing in white gowns (Puchner 1054). Dickinson also never married. She was born in 1830 and died in 1886. Dickinson never intended for her works to be published or even made public for that matter. She asked her sister to destroy all of her works, but instead, her sister decided to have her works published after

Addiction The Problem Of Addiction Essay - 829 Words

You likely experience varying emotions dealing with the addict. One moment you fear the addict may die of an overdose; a moment later, you are angry because the addict is wasting money on drugs, sleeping in late, or refusing to work. It’s frustrating and painful to watch helplessly as someone you care about falls prey to the negative and possibly catastrophic consequences of addiction. While the addict deals with the consequences of addiction, your struggles are just as important and deserve attention. Here are ways to help you cope with the stress of dealing with the addict: Expand Your Knowledge of Addiction. Topics Covered in the Next Several Chapters Include: †¢ Why and how addiction develops. †¢ Why addicts continue to use despite the mounting problems addiction causes. †¢ The medical, social or legal consequences of addiction. †¢ Healthy ways for you to motivate the addict to seek treatment. †¢ Healthy ways to take care of yourself. †¢ The reality of addiction: the addict is in control. Counseling You need to be emotionally healthy to cope with the stress of dealing with the addict. Counseling with a therapist or spiritual counselor can be of immense value. Unfortunately, society views mental health problems as a sign of weakness. The very same stigma exists for drug addiction! Don’t allow yourself to think that way. Counseling can help you cope with the stress of dealing with the addict. Referral to a physician for medication can be helpful if you are struggling withShow MoreRelatedAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction939 Words   |  4 PagesThe amount of damage that addiction brings into people’s lives can be staggering. Society’s perspective of addiction can either help or hinder the problem. Some addictions are seen negatively by society while others are not recognized as harmful. Some perspectives view the issue moralistically, creating shame regarding the problem. This approach is rarely helpful when dealing with the problem of addiction. Psychology, through a biopsychosocial model, attempts to offer a scientific perspective. ThisRead MoreAddiction : The Problem With Addiction1222 Words   |  5 Pagesto treat addiction, it is important to first understand why addiction occurs. Often, there is a misconception on what steps need to be taken to deal with addiction, and what factors increase the propensity of addiction in the first place. The differ ent models of addiction aim to clarify and justify reasons why addiction occurs both physiologically and psychologically, as well as provide plausible solutions to stop addiction. Although the models all contain differing view on why addiction occurs, andRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction1705 Words   |  7 PagesAddiction A crisis that many communities in Georgia are experiencing is addiction. A large substance that is currently being abuse is methamphetamine. Methamphetamine can be smoked, snorted, injected, taken orally and dissolved in liquids. The most common use is smoking and injecting the drug because of the immediate reaction it has on the body. It is highly addictive and has repeated patterns of binges and crashes with the individual constantly trying to reproduce their euphoric high. A recentRead MoreThe Problem Of Addiction And Addiction1387 Words   |  6 Pageshave an addiction. The feeling of always wanting more just to be satisfied. Addiction is the result of a person who is consumed by a substance involved in an activity that is pleasurable. Drinking and shopping are two types of severe addictions and people do not realize it until it is too late. Addiction comes in various forms and it takes a while to realize what type of addiction a person could have. It tends to affect a person either physically or emotionally. A physical addiction causesRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction1798 Words   |  8 PagesAddiction I am the solution to my problem â€Å"The truth is most families discover is that no one can cure another person’s addiction. Only addicts can do that for themselves.† The textbook definition of addiction is a persistent, compulsive dependence on a behavior or substance. Some researches speak of two types of addictions; substance addictions (such as alcoholism, drug abuse, and smoking) and process addictions (such as gambling, spending, shopping, eating, and sexual activity. Users that areRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction900 Words   |  4 Pagescan be true of any addiction and it is problematic for our society. Addiction is on the rise in our country and it is quickly becoming an epidemic. The reason for the rapid rise is due, in part, to the fact that many children are following in their addicted parents’ footsteps. The future of our country is at risk as more youth turn towards drugs and alcohol. The government should implement programs that support addicts and their childre n in order to stop the cycle of addiction. Children whoRead MoreThe Problem Of Addiction And Addiction764 Words   |  4 PagesThis ted talk was phenomenal it made me really think of how we react to addicts, addiction issues, and related topics. Johann Hari, did a great job of explaining the current methods of handling addiction from many perspectives, such as political and societal. His journey within his own family took him all over the world to find the answers he wanted to know for himself and I think this was an inspiring investigation. I believe it is important to investigate as much as possible when you are lookingRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction Students stroll in to class, their Venti iced soy vanilla lattes in hand rather than a notebook and pen. Keurig coffeemakers are commonplace in college dorm rooms. Colleges boast the number of Starbucks shops they have on campus. Just a month into the school year, and already many students’ bodies are becoming tolerant to caffeine, needing more and more of it to achieve the desired boost of energy, and if not given their fix, rebelling by causing headaches and irritability. Could itRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesNot very many people understand why addiction brings out the worst in others, they only see what they are doing, not what the addiction is doing to them. It must be understood that it is a journey to overcome addiction. Some do not want to overcome it, but they will be better off. Everyone has an addiction to take the pain away, and not everyone realizes that they are addicted because addiction creates a false euphoria, but in reality, it is a nightmare. Addiction is an unusually great interest inRead MoreThe Problem Of The Addiction1179 Words   |  5 Pages The term addiction has been perplexing psychologists and humanity for many years. Normal people can’t seem to grasp what truly drives addiction and what addicts themselves go through on a daily basis when dealing with it. Hence, society has produced such a negative connotation associated with the term addiction such as cravings, compulsions, and dependence, that the true meaning of the term has been lost, and with it, its solution. People seem to believe that an addict is a lost cause, forever to

Shadows of Night The Fear of a Child Free Essays

In Annie Dillard’s book, An American Child; chapter two describes the fear she had as a child, of the night shadows that would appear on her walls. Dillard was five years old and shared a bedroom with her little sister Amy, who was two at the time. When Dillard describes her little sister sleeping, I can picture her clearly in my mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Shadows of Night: The Fear of a Child or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dillard writes; â€Å"even at two she composed herself attractively with her sheet folded tidily, under her outstretched arm, her head laid lightly on an unwrinkled pillow, her thick curls spread evenly. (21) Another wonderful example of her descriptive writing is when she is telling of the â€Å"thing† that she is so afraid of at night in her bedroom. Dillard states that, â€Å"the damned thing entered the room by flattening itself against the open door and sliding in. It was transparent, luminous oblong; I could see the door whiten at its touch. † (21) This â€Å"thing† that Dillard also refers to as â€Å"it† also had sounds of a â€Å"rising roar† (21) as it moved across her walls. Dillard finally figured out that her â€Å"thing was a passing car whose windshield reflected the corner streetlight outside. † (21) It wasn’t until she was outside one day, that she heard the familiar sound that she hears at night when the â€Å"thing† appears on her walls. Dillard’s writing shows how the human mind and imagination can exaggerate even the simplest things, until we can see in front of us what the true reality is. How to cite Shadows of Night: The Fear of a Child, Papers

Segmenting Nonprofit Stakeholders †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Segmenting Nonprofit Stakeholders. Answer: Introduction: Market segmentation is one of the most important things in fixing the marketing strategies (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). The organizations have to divide their customers into different segments so that they can be able to trace the customer behavior and thus manage to manipulate their customers to buy their products and gain the competitive advantage over their rivals in the industry. These are the ways in which the organizations can be able to attain their success. The need for assessing the behavior of the customers, their likes and dislikes is immense (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). The organizations and the marketing team has to analyze some of the important matters in regards to making the customer segmentation so that they can be able to assess which things are best suitable for which segment of customers, both from the point of views of quality and price (Jahanshani et al., 2014). The chosen organization for this assignment is one of the leaders in the global retail chain industry, Woolworths Limited ("Woolworths Limited", 2017). The need for consumer or customer segmentation is huge and this is done by almost any organization thriving for success. Customer segmentation is done by the organizations so that they can divide their customer base into smaller groups with similar kinds of choices, tastes, demands and preferences (Hjort et al., 2013). The market segment is a smaller market within the larger customer base that comprises of similar minded customers. The market segments are totally different from each other in their nature. A particular market segment is such a setting where the customers think and behave on the same lines (Cross, Belich Rudelius, 2015). The fluctuations in the market are ought to happen and a particular market segment responds to this in the same way. The basic customer segmentation can be done in some ways. This is done on the basis of some important factors like the age, gender, income, marital status, occupation and some others. There are generally three types of market segmentation (Mller Haase, 2014). These are psychographic segmentation, behaviouralistic segmentation and geographic segmentation. The different factors in this segmentation need to be addressed (Rupp, Kern Helmig, 2014). Demographic market segmentation The need for segmentation based on gender is very important since both men and women have different choices and preferences. The organizations have different choices for men that would surely not work for the women in the target market. The customers must be segmented by the customers based on their age group so they could find it comfortable to sale the products according to that particular age group only. The marketing strategies for the organizations would surely be different for the kids, teenagers and adults (Tifferet Herstein, 2012). The marketers divide the customers according to their income as this is very important to measure on how they could sale their customers and this has to be done strictly by maintaining the pricing strategies properly by assuming the income of the customers. According to this basis, the customers can be divided into three segments and they are high income customers, mid income customers and low income customers (Tifferet Herstein, 2012). The marital status of the customers is a factor in determining the consumer segmentation. This is because the travel agencies will surely not make the holiday packages at same price and facilities for the bachelors and the married couples. The consumer market segmentation can be fixed on the basis of the occupation of the customers since the products to be sold would vary from office goers to school and college students and people involved in other professionals. Advantages The demographics data can be achieved very easily from the government organizations or websites. The various factors of the demographic data like the age, income, gender are quantitative things and are adjustable to the needs of the company (Tifferet Herstein, 2012). Demographic segmentation does not approach the extremely niche groups and therefore have a great chance of targeting a huge population. The important data about the income and socio-economic status gives a huge opportunity to the companies to assess the buying powers (Tifferet Herstein, 2012). Disadvantages The competitors can very easily understand the demographic information and segmentation that the concerned company has targeted. It has happened often times that targeting the wrong market segmentation groups has turned to be a loss for the companies and wastage of money and resources as well as time. Psychographic market segmentation It is a known fact that different people have different personality traits, attitudes and personalities. The need for dividing the consumer base according to those traits and personalities is of huge importance (Boone Kurtz, 2013). There are many people who are careful about the outside environment while others are not. Similarly, some people are very much health conscious while others are not. The organizations must look after these things before making their products. This kind of market segmentation has to be done based on their lifestyles, interests, moral values and attitudes. The customers are always changing their preferences and the organizations have to change their mindsets as well so as to cater to the needs of the customers. This kind of segmentation is directly related with the human psychology and companies have to assess it before presenting those products to the customers (Boone Kurtz, 2013). The companies have to understand the psychology of the customers better an d thus they can be able to target and approach them in a better way. Advantages This helps the companies to catch the customers by studying his/her psychology. This is very important in case the companies desire to provide niche and customized products to their customers (Boone Kurtz, 2013). This helps to understand the customer behavior. Disadvantages It is a time consuming process. The psychology of the customers is different from each other so it is very difficult to segment the market according to that only. Behavioral market segmentation Behavioral market segmentation is important market segmentation. This is done so that the customers showing same kinds of choices and preferences can be assimilated together and put under the same group (Ailawadi et al., 2014). This helps the organizations to promote their variety of products in a similar manner and reach those customers in a shorter time. The customers can be captured by depending on their needs. The people are being more brands conscious so the companies have to be cautious about choosing their products. There are certain parameters for this market segmentation. These are:- occasion oriented, usage oriented, loyalty oriented and sought benefits (Ailawadi et al., 2014). Advantages This process helps the companies to identify the customers similar in behavior and thus makes it easier to target them. This process further helps to create a brand loyalty because the customers show an affinity towards a particular brand. Disadvantages Customer behavior cannot be predicted to be right all the time since the preferences of the customers changes with time. This kind of market segmentation is done depending on segmenting the customer base based on geographical borders (Hassan Craft, 2012). This segmentation depends on the countries, states, villages, cities and other urban areas, climatic conditions and population density. It is very important because people living in the same region are often seen to have the same needs. The companies could produce for the things that are best suited for the people of a particular region (Hassan Craft, 2012). Advantages This helps to recognize people living in a same geographic region and having the similar likes. The areas being densely populated can open the doors for a huge marketing opportunity. This helps the companies to invest in a particular geographic region earning them the opportunity for brand loyalty (Romaniuk Nenycz-Thiel, 2013). Disadvantages This process is unable to show the likes and dislikes, behavior of the customers. A particular region goes through certain climatic changes very often and this leads them to loss (Romaniuk Nenycz-Thiel, 2013). These are the ways in which the companies can target their customers based on these four main sections. The companies have to continuously evaluate and assess the needs of the customers for better results. Targeting the audience is a crucial stage for marinating a marketing strategy that comes after the segmentation of the target audience (Writz, 2012). The target audience has to be convinced so that they will buy the products of the company. The customers do not get to test the quality of the products before purchasing it. So, they have to rely entirely on the things that are said to them. The companies should make sure that these advertisements are not fake. The target market of a company is determined by the fact where the company wants to sell its products. The target market of a company includes the set of customers who are targeted by the company according to the buying power of the customers and the kinds of target segmentations. Every company has their selected target markets in their business territory. They invest a lot of effort including their money and resources to monitor their target market (Writz, 2012). It is very obvious that the target consumers have to be influenced to buy their products and its pricing. The pricing of the products is not meant for all the target consumers as all of them do not have the same buying power. The target market is very important to fix the marketing plan for the company. It has to be kept to be in the focus of the marketing plan and strategy since it keeps the other factors like the distribution of the product, pricing and promotion strategies. This is called as 4 Ps of marketing (Gordon, 2012). Keeping that in mind, the target market has to be decided upon in the light of Woolworths limited ("Woolworths Limited", 2017). The target market of the company is mainly the high earning people. Their premium products are mainly designed to cater to the needs of the high society people. The standard of living of Australian people is higher than the average people in other countries. Woolworths target to develop the environment and fulfill the needs and demands of the people regarding the environmental safety (Lundgren McMakin, 2013). The chief strategy of the organization is to increase the market share in the future. They sell their products to different range of customers. They target all groups of people as per range. Their belief is they should be able to sell their product to a widely ranged customer group so that they can get the competitive edge (Barney, 2014). Woolworths always try to approach their target market through customizing their products in a mass volume. They have to build a good relationship with their customers so that their customers stay loyal to their brand only. In the entire marketing scenario, this helps to give them a huge advantage to create a reputed brand image (Aaker Biel, 2013). These marketing strategies help them to stay ahead of their competitors. The disposable income of the Australians is fairly high so the primary target of Woolworths is the people with a good earning ("Woolworths Limited", 2017). The secondary target market of Woolworths is the people who are weaker section in the financial basis. Their secondary target market audience for Woolworths may be the people who order their orders online. The target audience will take a long time to choose their products by comparing the quality (Aaker Biel, 2013). The products that are provided by Woolworths are daily use basis. This is why they have to provide the best quality materials in it to improve their reputation among their target audiences. They must produce their goods by analyzing their customer profiles. These are based upon the demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioral approach to market segmentation. They must develop the goods according to the age, gender, income and occupation of the customers. This will be helpful for them to fix their pricing strategies since they cannot provide every product to very customer (Barney, 2014). The customers have to be careful about choosing their brands at the time of purchasing. This will add to the fact that the customers will be looking for the best products in the market. The best products will be available in the target market when Woolworths will have identified the needs and demands for the customers. Woolworths must make a marketing survey among their customers so that they can assess what their customers actually need ("Woolworths Limited", 2017). They should prepare a consumer profile template for that. This will help them to analyze what their customers actually want from them. They will then make things clear about what they have to produce and thus cater to the requirements of their target market (Aaker Biel, 2013). Brand positioning is a very important factor for the companies in the global business environment in these days. In this part of the paper, the brand positioning of the chosen company Woolworths limited has to be determined (Hollensen, 2015). Brand positioning of a company defines the reason for the taget customers to buy the products of that particular company. The companies have to create a niche market for its customers and this market has to be carefully chosen. The company has to be unique in quality than its competitors and the company can be able to gain a competitive advantage through this. In other words, it can be said that brand positioning is the reflection of the views and opinions of the customers on that particular company. The companies make their marketing strategies in such a way that their brand positioning creates a special and unique place in the market (Hollensen, 2015). Likewise, Woolworths have created their own brand positioning and it has been quite a success because they are considered as one of the most influential retail organizations in the country as well as in the world. When a company has to create a valuable brand positioning for them, identify and determine all the points of similarities and differences so that they can choose the right brand identity and improve their brand image this way. Woolworths generally operates in a mass market and they sell the FMCG products that are sold in a large market. Woolworths has always given the most priority on their products (van Elzakker et al., 2012). The quality products help them to build the customer faith and brand loyalty. This gives a good impression on the customers minds. They tend to identify the needs and requirements of the people and thus they develop those products according to the needs and requirements. Value and price is a determining factor in the positioning of the brands. Excessively low prices as well as excessively high prices ruin the brand image so it is clever enough to keep the price of the brands according to its use and quality (Sirianni et al., 2013). The customers always give more value to their budget because it helps them to judge what kind of products they will buy. The prices of the products of Woolworths are not too high or too low. Woolworths uses the strategy to communicate the benefits of the particular products to their customers. This way the customers get to know the benefits they can get from and Woolworths utilizes this opportunity to spread their popularity through their varied products from food to apparels and other products in the retail chain industry (Sirianni et al., 2013). The users will be able to select the products according to their needs and requirements. Perceptual map helps the companies to identify their brand positioning. Woolworths produces some important products that are used by a huge percentage people ranging from high social class to the lower ones (Kervyn, Fiske Malone, 2012). This has been the key for the company to keep their product pricing at a moderate level. Woolworths has a lot of competitors in their industry. The most important of them are Coles Supermarket and Wesfarmers. Woolworths has been trying to keep up their reputation and improve their brand image by providing good quality products. They are proven themselves to be a well established brand with expansions in the foreign countries. This has been one of their most impressive strategies to dominate the market. They have focused strongly on the advertisement of their brands. They put up advertisements on their websites as well as in the social media platforms (Kervyn, Fiske Malone, 2012) This also helps them to create a good brand positioning. Some of the ne w products of Woolworths are Arnotts Vovo ice cream, Arnotts Wagon Wheel ice cream, Banana Boat Dry Balance Lotion, Beckham Body Spray Instinct Sport, Bimbadgen Sparkling Semillon and many others. These products have been priced within the affordability of their customers by judging their buying powers. These factors work in real time as Woolworths are trying to be the leaders in the retail chain industry (Fernie Sparks, 2014). Since, they do not provide their products to the niche market they are well focused on to provide best quality products to the mass market. References Aaker, D. A., Biel, A. (2013).Brand equity advertising: advertising's role in building strong brands. Psychology Press. Ailawadi, K. L., Neslin, S. A., Luan, Y. J., Taylor, G. A. (2014). Does retailer CSR enhance behavioral loyalty? A case for benefit segmentation.International Journal of Research in Marketing,31(2), 156-167. Barney, J. B. (2014).Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson Higher Ed. Boone, L. E., Kurtz, D. L. (2013).Contemporary marketing. Cengage learning. Cross, J. C., Belich, T. J., Rudelius, W. (2015). How marketing managers use market segmentation: An exploratory study. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 531-536). Springer, Cham. Fernie, J., Sparks, L. (2014).Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. Gordon, R. (2012). Re-thinking and re-tooling the social marketing mix.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),20(2), 122-126. Hassan, S. S., Craft, S. (2012). Examining world market segmentation and brand positioning strategies.Journal of Consumer marketing,29(5), 344-356. Hjort, K., Lantz, B., Ericsson, D., Gattorna, J. (2013). Customer segmentation based on buying and returning behaviour.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,43(10), 852-865. Hollensen, S. (2015). Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Jahanshani, A. A., Hajizadeh, G. M. A., Mirdhamadi, S. A., Nawaser, K., Khaksar, S. M. S. (2014). Study the effects of customer service and product quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Kervyn, N., Fiske, S. T., Malone, C. (2012). Brands as intentional agents framework: How perceived intentions and ability can map brand perception.Journal of consumer psychology: the official journal of the Society for Consumer Psychology,22(2). Lundgren, R. E., McMakin, A. H. (2013).Risk communication: A handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks. John Wiley Sons. Mller, S., Haase, K. (2014). Customer segmentation in retail facility location planning.Business research,7(2), 235-261. Romaniuk, J., Nenycz-Thiel, M. (2013). Behavioral brand loyalty and consumer brand associations.Journal of Business Research,66(1), 67-72. Rupp, C., Kern, S., Helmig, B. (2014). Segmenting nonprofit stakeholders to enable successful relationship marketing: A review.International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,19(2), 76-91. Sirianni, N. J., Bitner, M. J., Brown, S. W., Mandel, N. (2013). Branded service encounters: Strategically aligning employee behavior with the brand positioning.Journal of Marketing,77(6), 108-123. Tifferet, S., Herstein, R. (2012). Gender differences in brand commitment, impulse buying, and hedonic consumption.Journal of Product Brand Management,21(3), 176-182. van Elzakker, M. A., Zondervan, E., Raikar, N. B., Grossmann, I. E., Bongers, P. M. (2012). Scheduling in the FMCG industry: An industrial case study.Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research,51(22), 7800-7815. Wedel, M., Kamakura, W. A. (2012).Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations(Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media. Wirtz, J. (2012).Essentials of services marketing. FT Press. Woolworths Limited. (2017). Woolworths.com.au. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.woolworths.com.au/

Tap Dance Sample Essay Example For Students

Tap Dance Sample Essay Tap Dance is known as a favourite subject because the pupils are doing music with their pess. Students learn to better their beat and co-ordination to energetic music. Tap dance dressed ores on beat and timing. and requires reading of music through sound. making regulated and controlled sounds through intricate footwork. More advanced degrees of pat Teach syncope and more complex beat and unite a assortment of manners of classical pat dance. Tap categories are offered in all degrees. Inventor We will write a custom essay on Tap Dance Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It originated in America when slaves where non allowed to utilize instruments and used custodies and pess as an option around the clip that Irish geta dance was going popular ( so it has some influence from that ) . No one individual â€Å"invented† it. Though the Floradora Sextet performed the first synchronised pat modus operandi and from there was used in Hollywood and Broadway musicals. One individual did â€Å"invent† â€Å"Broadway style† pat ( which is the one usaly taught to novices in America ) DEFINATION Tap dance is an illustration of a non-partnered dance that is by and large choreographed. with one or more active terpsichoreans. A rhythmical tapping sound is attained by the terpsichorean from the little metal home bases on the dancer’s places. It is in his manner that the terpsichorean besides becomes a percussive instrumentalist. Tap dance is frequently characterized by syncope and improvisation. Tap can besides be performed without music. known as ‘Capella’ dance. Another type of Tap dance is the ‘soft-shoe’ signifier. which is a manner that is performed in soft-soled places without metal lights-outs. The nature of the tapping in this manner of Tap is more at leisure and smooth. and there is by and large an component of temper within the dance modus operandis. In contrast. the ‘buck-and-wing’ Tap technique is danced much more smartly in wooden soled places. Tap dance became popular from mistrel shows in the nineteenth century. It basically derives from a figure of beginnings. including the traditional geta dance of northern England. which requires no attach toing music. traditional Irish and Scots measure dances. and even African dances. which involve much rhythmic pes stomping to beating. Even Spanish flamenco is thought to be a precursor to Tap. where the sound of the beat of the dancers’ stairss is indispensable to the public presentation. During the first half of the 20the century. Tap dance flourished throughout the US. It was at this clip that Tap was performed chiefly to wind music. gaining it the alternate name ‘Jazz dance’ . However. from the 1950s. wind music and Tap dance saw a diminution in popularity. Rock and Roll music became popular and at the same clip a new signifier of Jazz dance emerged. Although this new Jazz dance. as we know it today. may hold emerged from Tap. it has since evolved individually. and so even though there may be some similar moves. Jazz dance is a d ance signifier independent from Tap. STARTED INCipher could hold predicted that the hit of civilizations in the New World centuries ago would ensue in Tap. the uniquely American dance signifier. Yet the merger of British Isles Clog and Step dancing with the beat of West African drumming and dance in colonial times created an ever-evolving art signifier that continues to boom today. Year OF ORGINATING In the mid-1600s. Scots and Irish apprenticed labourers brought their societal dances to the New World. Slaves in the southern United States imitated the rapid toe and list action of the Irish Jig and the percussive esthesia of the Lancashire Clog. and combined them with West African measure dances that were known as â€Å"Juba† dances and â€Å"Ring Shouts. † As a consequence. African dance manners became more formal and diluted. while European elements became more unstable and rhythmic. finally ensuing in a uniquely American Tap loanblend. .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442 , .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442 .postImageUrl , .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442 , .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442:hover , .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442:visited , .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442:active { border:0!important; } .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442:active , .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442 .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u71e97266eb672bfa6960b70bf2a89442:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Critically examine the architecture, routines, and culture EssayIt is believed to hold begun in the mid-1800s during the rise of folk singer shows ENGLISH FILMS An American In Paris ( 1951 )Bamboozled ( 2002 )The Band Wagon ( 1953 )The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 )Bojangles ( 2002 )Brigadoon ( 1954 )Broadway Melody of ( 1936 )Broadway Melody of 1938Broadway Melody of 1940Carefree ( 1938 )Song Ramble On – Patricia Maertens ( acoustic Led Zepplin screen ) Upside Down – Jack JohnsonMan with the Hex – Blue BabiesMan with the Hex – The Atomic FireballsWe Speak No Americano ( Mafia Boys Mix ) – Yolanda Be CoolDrive My Car – Bobby McFerrinShowbiz – Mike SternMr. Success – The Hit Co.Creep – Richard CheeseJungle Drum – Emilliana TorriniMr. Pinstripe Suit ( live ) – Big Bad Voodoo Daddy CostumeA pat dance costume can get down off with a simple design. such as a brilliantly coloured unitard.Add a round or fringed skirt.Bring glamor to the costume by adding to this. such as frills. peripheries. bows. plumes and spangles.Add a top chapeau or a diamond/triangle shaped headstall with a bow or plume. Other thoughts to add include baseball mitts. armbands. or braces.PropsCaneTop HatBaton Name OF THE BOOKSTapworks: A Tap Dictionary and Reference ManualThe Souls of Your Foot:

General Sherman and The War essays

General Sherman and The War essays William Tecumseh Sherman was born on May 8, 1820 in Lancaster, Ohio. He was educated at the U.S. Military Academy and later went on to become a Union General in the U.S. civil war. Sherman resigned from the army in 1853 and became a partner in a banking firm in San Francisco. He became the president of the Military College in Louisiana(now Louisiana state University) from 1859-1861. Sherman offered his services at the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 and wasput in command of a volunteer infantry regiment, becoming a brigadier general of volunteers after the first Battle of bull run. He led his division at the Battle of Shiloh and was then promoted to major general of volunteers. Soon after Sherman fought in the battle of Chattanooga he was made supreme commander of the armies in the west. Sherman fought many battles with such people as Ulysses S. Grant, and against people such as Robert E. Lee before he was commissioned lieutenant general of the regular army. Following Grants election to presidency he was promoted to the rank of full general and given command of the entire U.S. Army. William Sherman published his personal memoirs in 1875, retired in 1883, and died in 1891. William Tecumseh Sherman, as you have read, was a very talented and very successful man. He is remembered by many accomplishments, but probably most remembered by his famous March to the sea. Sherman's march to the sea was probably the most celebrated military action, in which about sixty thousand men marched with Sherman from Atlanta to the Atlantic ocean, then north through South Carolina destroying the last of the souths economic resources. Bedford Forrest was in Tennessee, and with Atlanta secured, Sherman dispatched George H. Thomas to Nashville to restore the order there. John B. Hood threatened Thomas's supply line, and for about a month, they both fought north of Atlanta. Sherman decided to d ...

Doctor patient relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Doctor patient relationship - Essay Example Carver takes this idea further by looking at the way in which a career limits the communication skills of a person. The minimal style enhances the starkness of loss especially when it is accompanied by a distant doctor. The paper concludes that the intention of both texts is to illuminate the inequality of the doctor/patient relationship although, unlike Carver, Williams resolves this. Carver provides a hint at the answer by the family finding resolution with the baker. 'A Small, Good Thing' and 'The Girl with the Pimply Face' are initially comparable because they share the subject matter of the medical profession and the narrative techniques are superficially quite similar. The primary theme is the sensitivity of patient/doctor relationships. Williams' story focuses on the doctor's humanity; his susceptibility to desire, boredom and irresponsibility, but also his caring response to a family facing several problems. Changeability is a central quality of being human. Everyone is subject to the same whims and desires whether they are a doctor or not. He has the desire to help, gives his work freely, possesses a genuine interest in the family and does not criticise his patients when they cannot pay. On the other hand there are hints that he is nave because he does not realise the family are taking advantage of him. Furthermore his reasons for being interested in the family are ambiguous. His concern possibly stems from his attraction to the girl with acne rather than genuine professional interest. Although his interest in her is professional; he wants to help her acne and her legs, his thoughts reveal there is something about the girl that would be of interest to him whether or not she needed his attention as a doctor,. Conversely Carver treats the medical profession with suspicion, focusing on the gap between doctors and the ordinary family. Where Williams uses similar language for both the doctor and the girl, Carver uses different language. Williams emphasises the willingness of his doctor to step over professional boundaries and help the girl with advice and money whereas Carver's doctors shift the blame of Scotty's death away from themselves, emphasising that there was nothing they could do. Dr. Francis was disinclined to linger with the parents at the end and Ann feels as if he wants her to leave before she is ready. He never crosses over the professional line. Each story uses distinctive narrative methods to expound this theme. Firstly, neither story has an objective narrator. The Williams' story is told by the doctor and the language is colloquial. There is an outstanding lack of conventional grammar. Spoken words mingle with description. For example, 'What's the matter with her I asked.' (79) The effect is two-fold. Firstly it envelops the reader in the doctor's world, inviting sympathy. However it also makes him susceptible to criticism. His language is not medical and his attention darts quickly away from his patient. He is different from the traditional image of a doctor. 'For the moment at least I had lost all interest in the baby.'(80) By having access to the doctor's inner thoughts the reader is privileged to his true opinion of his patients, feelings not expected of a doctor, 'this young kid in charge of the house did something to me that I liked.'(80) On the other hand Carver's technique incorporates the inner

The Millennium Development Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Millennium Development Goals - Essay Example And so, the UN was quick to distinguish the Goals from its predecessors (Millennium Campaign). For one, says the UN, the MDGs are a "compact", with the distribution of responsibilities across the North-South divide made clear. Poor countries - the so-called "South" - must be more accountable, utilize its national resources more efficiently, and practice good governance all around. In return, the wealthier countries of "the North" will grant debt relief, pave the way for fair trade, and provide funding for national MDG campaigns, together with international finance institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, as well as their regional counterparts, such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the African Development Bank (AfDB). The UN also notes that the world enjoys an unparalleled level of prosperity - hundreds of billions are being spent on the campaign against terrorism and on agricultural subsidy. Meanwhile, it has been estimated that, every year, the MDGs will require an additional US$50 billion in aid. The UN believes that sufficient resources are available to put an end to poverty. The MDG signatories also designed the Goals to be time-bound. To monitor progress, each goal is broken down into 18 targets and 48 corresponding quantitative indicators. These serve as guideposts, especially at the national level, for preparation of country reports. Finally, the UN firmly believes that the MDGs are "achievable" and deems that "to set the bar any lower than this would be morally unacceptable". 2007 MDG Report Reveals "Uneven" Results In 2007, the UN released the much anticipated mid-point report. While it boasts of "visible and widespread gains", it also discloses that the overall results are "predictably, uneven" (UN, 2007, p.4). Progress for some of the goals is discussed below. One of the targets of Goal 1 is to "halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than US$1 a day". From 1.25 billion in 1990, the number of people living in "extreme poverty" dropped to 980 million in 2004, benefiting mostly the poor people in Asia (UN, 2007, p.6). At this rate, the UN is hopeful that this target will be achieved on the whole, despite a less rosy picture in Western Asia and in so-called "transition countries" in Eastern Europe and in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). It also notes that any benefits from the improved economic situation are not shared equitably; in fact, the "share of national consumption" by the poorest 20 percent in developing countries even decreased. In other words, the poverty

International Corporate Entrepreneurship And Role Of Middle Management

International Corporate Entrepreneurship And Role Of Middle Management Middle management has crucial importance in the corporate entrepreneurial process but unexpectedly it has got little attention in the past research and academic literature. Middle management has great influence on organisational decision making, strategy making and in implementation of these strategies due to their central place in the management hierarchy. This chapter encompasses the academic literature relevant to middle management and their role in the process of corporate entrepreneurship (CE). It will begin with basic concepts of middle management and corporate entrepreneurial processes, their definitions and explanations. Past literature will be presented later on in this section regarding middle management to justify the both positive and negative sides of middle managements role and influence on the corporate entrepreneurial activities by the researchers. This will then follow a counter argument to discuss the role played other forces (higher management, first level managers and employees) in order to influence the CE process. The corporate entrepreneurial process requires innovation and change in order to remain effective in the business and this will be review in the light of previous literature to examine the process of organisational transformation. The last part of this section will concentrate on the issues like change implementation and their failure in organisation. Also literature will be reviewed regarding drivers like organisational citizenship, organisational innovation and ambidexterity that influence organisational changes indirectly. What is Entrepreneurship? The term entrepreneurship was used as an economic term in the mid eighteen century and described as a process bearing a risk of buying and selling products or services at certain and uncertain prices by Cantillon (1855) as cited in Grebel et al. (2003). Grebel et al. (2003) further broadened the term by including and bringing together the production factors in it. But this definition raises few questions whether there was any uniqueness about the entrepreneurial functions or it was just another form of management. Later the definition of entrepreneurship was added with the concept of innovation which includes the product innovation, process innovation, market innovation or even organisational innovation. This definition broadens the concept of entrepreneurship and describes it as the creator of new enterprises and pictures the entrepreneur as founder and innovator. Defining Corporate Entrepreneurship Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) was described as a process that can be used by individuals within an organisation to create opportunities without regard to the resources they are holding (Stevenson et al., 1999). Many researchers defined CE as a process of organisational renewal (Peterson and Berger 1972; Hill and Hlavacek 1972; Hannan 1976; Quinn 1979, and Sathe 1989), while others described it as the combined entrepreneurial efforts based on the organisational resources and commitments in order to perform the innovative functions of organisation in order to develop the product, process or innovation (Covin and Miles 1999; Naman and slevin 1993, Miller and Friesen 1982; Burgleman 1984; Kanter 1985; Alterowitz 1988; and Zahra and Covin 1995). According to Sharma and Chrisman (1999) there are three types of phenomena into existence for CE that may or may not be related. These are: a) Creation of new business from an existing one b) Transformation or renewal of an organisation c) Innovation The creation of new business was described as the internal corporate venturing by Zajac, Golden and Shortell (1991) while Pinchot (1985) called it intrapreneurship. On the other hand the process of renewal of organisation was regarded as strategic renewal (Guth and Ginsberg, 1990), organisational renewal (Baden and Stopford, 1994) and strategic change, transformation and revival of organisation (Shendel, 1990). By enlightening these ideas Sharma and Chrisman (1999) defines CE as the process where individuals or group of individuals create new organisation within an existing organisation or find innovation in that organisation. The entrepreneurial efforts that result in the creation of new business organisation are known as corporate venturing and the resulted innovation could exploit the ways of product offering in the existing or new market. The analysis of these different dimensions and approaches of CE can be concluded with the study of Gartner (1988) who describe it as a multifaceted concept that requires some major transformational changes in order to develop the whole idea of CE. Middle Management and the Organisation Dobson and Stewart (1993) and Turbalull (1998) stressed on the need of a clearer definition for the term middle mangers, as the levels of middle management in a company as poorly outlined as a unit of analysis. Middle management is basically used as a tactical work force to eliminate the gaps between the senior management and the sub-ordinates at the lower end of organisational hierarchy and also to implement the organisational policies made by the senior management. Two types of middle managers were identified by Currie (1999) in organisations: specialist middle managers for the roles like marketing, HR or finance; operation middle managers that coordinate operations between departments. Although both management types are important for any organisation but the specialist functions or boundary spanning activities get the priority. The participation of specialist middle managers in organisational activities appears more often as compared to the operations managers who focus on internal operations more (Wooldridge, 1997). The importance of middle management and their role as an agent in bringing the change in contemporary organisation was first drawn into attention by Bower (1970). However, the next decade or two came with a little systematic research in order to define the scope and nature of middle management and their contribution towards the organisational innovation and entrepreneurship. Although many researchers and authors (Peters and Waterman, 1982; Kanter, 1983; Pinchott, 1985; Drucker, 1985; Burgelman and Sayles, 1986) have argued on the different aspects of middle managements contributions towards CE while others (Schuler, 1986; Woolridge and Floyd, 1990) discussed their role in the companys strategy which is another important variable of CE (Guth and Ginsberg, 1990; Zahra, 1991). Middle Managements Role in Operations According to Floyd and Lane (2000) operating-level managers absorbs the relevant ideas and information from outside the firm while also giving a positive response to the middle level managements information which is based on the top-level management strategic ideas. Every managerial role is different from other and different actions are associated with each of them (Miller and Camp, 1985) but here the discussion will revolve around the middle management, their corporate entrepreneurial activities and their behaviour towards CE. In other words, once commitment is made by the all management levels in order to pursue the CE related activities, then its middle managers responsibility to communicate through all organisational level for the effective flow of information for the implementation and development of project. The role middle management and their importance in the innovation process in an organisation were recognised by Quinn (1985) and who was also among the first to point out the valued part played by the middle management CE. He also recognised that the top-level management is isolated from the daily floor operations and it is important for middle management to play crucial role in fostering the company goals and targets. This importance in the organisational structure gives them an opportunity to interact with the employees and encourage them towards innovation while taking the calculated risk. Middle management and the Corporate Entrepreneurship The literature (Floyd Lane, 2000; Ireland, Hitt, Vaidyanath, 2002) suggests that in any organisation managers play vital role at all levels of organisational structure and contribute towards company success. In simple context, the top level management involves in strategic role where their job is to deal with strategic decision making and set clear direction towards companys goals and objectives. On the other hand, middle managers job is to bridge the gap between two distinct ends of management hierarchy i.e. top-level managers and operating-level managers and their focus is the effective communication between both channels. This is not an easy job and to fulfil the requirements of their job the communication should be carried to both ends of hierarchy efficiently in order to create the innovativeness of all business units including product and service. According to Ghoshal and Bartlett (1994) the middle managers are not only enable the entrepreneurial actions like creating new opportunities for organisation or engage in organisational renewal but also keeping the innovativeness of also these entrepreneurial actions . Other researchers (Kanter, 1985; Ginsberg Hay, 1994; Pearce, Kramer, Robbins, 1997; Floyd Lane, 2000) described the middle managers as facilitator between the two managerial levels and how they play their role to shape the entrepreneurial action set by the top-level management for them. Due to the demand of their role middle managers have to reconcile the top-level strategies and implementation issues at the bottom end of hierarchy as these determine the competencies and also the performance of organisation. There is strong link between the firms performance and middle managers perception about the characteristics of competency (tactics, consensus and embeddedness) and this differentiates them from the first-level m anagers and take them closer to higher end of organisation hierarchy (King et al., 2001). The importance of middle managers as innovators is emphasized by the Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) who suggested that their central position in organisation is key for them to absorb and collect the information, ideas and innovation from both inside and outside of organisation. This flow of information and ideas between both ends of organisation influence the middle-level mangers to shape their entrepreneurial skills as their experience and knowledge grow. The only comment that can conclude this whole discussion on the importance of middle managements role in CE is that all the organisational and entrepreneurial functions are associated with them. Thus, the presence of middle management is there where CE functions are most likely to happen. Middle managers in Strategic Roles Middle managers have played a frequent role in providing strategic alternatives for firms and making those alternative ideas accessible for higher management (Floyd and Woolridge, 1992). The nature of middle managers job requires them to integrate and synthesize the information and resources by crystallizing the strategic issues faced by the organisation and also setting a platform for these strategic changes; by enhancing the old structure of organisation through implementation of formal strategy and giving feedback. This feedback can be used to make future changes in the strategy and for organisational renewal. The findings of Floyd and Woolridge (1992) gives a clearer picture when compared with the earlier work of Burgelman and Sayles (1986) that how middle management play key role in an organisation by shaping the strategic issues and influencing the entrepreneurial activities. The observations of other authors (Peters and Waterman, 1982; Pinchott, 1985) have seen the middle management playing important in encouraging other employees to take risks while working towards innovation. Quinn (1985) and Kanter (1988) also observed similar role of middle managers in promoting the CE activities across the organisation. This can be done by introducing reward schemes that encourage employees to experiment with their innovative ideas. Also different approaches can be used by the middle management to make the whole structure of organisation less resistant towards future changes and allowing the CE activities to flourish. Corporate Entrepreneurship and Other Forces (Actors) Most of literature on the CE and middle management either ignored or failed to identify the important role played by other forces to gain the CE in any organisation and widely criticised by Floyd (1999). According to McMillan (1993) as far as the power is concerned both middle management and other players have equal importance in bringing the CE to the organisational structure. Burgelman (1983) insist that the heart of CE activities is always dependent on the initiative taken at the operational levels of a firm. He insists on the importance of the factors that play towards the success of internal corporate activities by the operational level management, middle managements ability to effectively communicate between both ends of organisational hierarchy and the higher managements trust on the lower sub-ordinates in order to flourish the CE in the organisation. According to Burgelman (1993) operative managers have more importance in organisational structure than middle managers as they have more experience and involvement in dealing with RD and research related activities and are more aware of the corporate culture, market needs and demands. On the other hand Quin (1980 and 1982) has also argued on different occasion about the importance of middle management but he pointed towards the power asserted by the top management to control actions of middle management. Although the organisational operation flow is bottom up but the final decisions are always in top managements hand in either acceptance or rejection of these initiatives. Although Floyd (1999) has insisted towards the importance of middle management is vital due to their central position in the organisational hierarchy. But this literature review is evident that the other organisational forces as important as the middle management in the central role in the organisation and have equal influence on the CE related activities. Organisational Change Implementation Innovation in any organisation does not takes place on its own or in isolation and neither in a vacuum but it happens in a system where the employees and processes work together to achieve it. According to Joe (2005) it is all about the organisation and its employees and their approach towards the implementation of change in organisation. Hornsby et al. (2002) argued on the same note and suggested that the all organisations look for change and they implement these changes strategically through the help of CE. Two types of organisational changes can be found as a result of innovation and are known as deliberate strategic change and emergent strategic change and have their affect dependent on the role of middle management in them. Types of Organisational Change The first approach towards change is deliberate (Ansoff, 1965) and the top managements motive behind this strategy is to maximise both the organisational interest and profits at the same time. Middle management has a limited role in the deliberate or top-down change strategy and they have a very little influence upwards in order to make any change policy. On the other hand, the incremental change approach is a vice versa of top-down change strategy (Whittinghton, 1993) and it is based on the idea that change should be unplanned and unintentional rather that deliberate. This approach is based on the knowledge and outcomes of past policies which lacks in the deliberate change (Lindblom, 1959). He further argued the important role played by the middle management in order to formulate and implement the change in the organisation. On different occasions Quinn (1882, 1978 and 1980) suggested that incremental change strategy can be considered through the implementation of sub-systems before addressing any major change issues. But there is power culture involved in Quinns approach and points towards the higher management in order to decide which sub-system to be implemented and hence limits the role of middle management to some extent. All this discussion leads to one conclusion that there is no single approach which can completely benefit the middle managements role towards the organisational change but the incremental approach is more suited to them as compared to the deliberate change approach and enhances their role in change process. Middle Managements Role in Organisational Change There is plenty of pragmatic evidence in the past literature (Bower 1979; Kanter 1983; Burgelman 1983a, 1983b, 1983c, 1991 and 1994; Schilit and Paine 1987; Dutton and Ashford 1993; Nonaka 1988; Sayles 1993; and Schilit 1993) which shows a significant influence of middle management towards organisational change. On the same note Floyd and Wooldridge (1990) pointed towards the significant relationship between performance of an organisation and involvement of management. They further argued how middle management is involved in both directions of organisational hierarchy; with its upward influence on policy development could help the organisation by setting up a road map for change and innovation. While downward influence sets up a smooth ground to implement the organisational strategies effectively (Shendel and Hofer 1979 and Nutt 1987). Thus it shows the importance of middle management to influence the change in the organisation in the both directions at the same time. Human Nature, Top Management And the Organisational Change According to Strebel (1996) and Siegal (1996) almost two third of efforts made towards organisational change see failure as a result of top management negligence and lack of ability to recognise the human nature of change. This negligence by the top management is often seen as psychological differences between employees at individual level (Coghlan, 1993). The uncertainty and difference of opinion shows how employees look at organisational change at individual levels. The organisational change and all of its processes have direct or indirect link with the employees personal influence towards change and it is regarded as a personal change for them (Bovey, 2001). Evan (1994) has also argued on the same note by saying that employees work for OC in order to make it successful so that it can be a success for them too. According to Prastacos (2002) the OC is dependent on the acceptance and resistance levels of employees. Bovey (2001) noted that technical changes are often seen as bit easier to approach by the top management and are more predictable towards the change issues like developing action plans, making strategies, estimating profit level and resource analysis. The communication process in another key to keep the resistance level in control among employees against the change but if the resistance against change is higher from employee then it shows the poor communication and the inability of the top management (Elving, 2005). The organisational change is not a one way procedure but a two way understanding between management and employee (Bulogun, 2006). He also stressed on the need of mutual consensus between both parties to implement change across organisation and this is only possible through a good communication channel. It is almost impossible for top management to identify, control or prepare for every change before it happens due to the quick nature of change and they have act while it is happening. So, the above suggests that the top management remains isolated during the change mechanism due to hierarchal structure within organisational but on the other hand, middle management remains important during this process and act as communication channel between employees and top management. Thus, middle management has more importance during the implementation of organisational change than top management. Middle Managements Role in Political Nature of Change The top management has all the authorities in an organisation but this is not the case when it comes to organisational change policies and it affects their whole vision about it. The political nature of organisational structure makes the idea of change uncertain and difficult to implement. For the knowledge management the networks are often used as mechanism for to gain the required information and are used for political nature of change. The idea behind the formation of these networks is to use them politically for the change process. Hislop et al. (2000) agree with the fact there is a relation between these political networks and knowledge because of the need of appropriate knowledge is needed to form and use these network. This study shows that due to political nature of change it is vital for middle management to gain knowledge through these networks inside as well as the outside of firm to make a ground for the change acceptance. Organisational Change and Other Drivers There are few other drivers of change that are worth looking at in the literature including the organisational innovation, organisational citizenship and ambidexterity. These change drivers have important link with middle managements role in corporate entrepreneurial activities and CE process too. The Importance of Organisational Improvisation Organisational improvisational is another issue considered important in the reviewed literature that is connected directly with the change implementation in organisations. Different approach was adopted by the Ryle (1979) who described the process of improvisation as thought refining and most of things happen during this process are unique, hard to predict and probably might not get repeated in future. But this process is seen as an outcome from failure of first approach and is a product by accident described by Lebourne (2006). The literature from last two decades considered is another feature of organisational activities that contribute towards the change process of an organisation (Lewin, 1998). Thus the idea of organisational improvisation contributes in the form innovation and by keeping up the market up-to-date. As far as the middle management is concerned they get the opportunity to influence the whole process of improvisation from formulation stage to implementation stage through their time management skills. Relationship between Organisational Change and Organisational Citizenship There is plenty of discussion in the literature about organisational citizenship and behavioural interactions (Katz, 1964; Katz and Kahn, 1966; Organ, 1988; Cohen and Vigoda, 2000; and Padsakoff et al., 2000). Most of this literature has focused on describing the organisational behaviour and there is no discussion about organisational citizenship in the context of corporate entrepreneurship. For example Padsakoff et al. (2000) has identified seven different themes that can fit all dimensions of organisational citizenship while Katz (1964) mentioned four in his work. Although all the literature reviewed prescribes the importance of organisational citizenship behaviour and stresses on the presence of these behaviour for the effectiveness of organisational functions. However, it needs further exploration in the context of corporate entrepreneurship and this will remain the focus throughout this research. Ambidexterity Observations from Literature Review This section outlines the key observation made during the literature review and their summary of whole debate about the corporate entrepreneurship and role of middle management in the context of CE. The corporate entrepreneurship is noted as a complex concept that requires careful consideration towards the change implementation as well as the extra care when dealing with the strategic planning. There are two types of middle management is identified during this literature review; specialist managers who deal with functions like finance, marketing and HR; and non-specialist or operational manager who coordinate functions or activities within their own department or with other departments. The role of middle management and their future in the organisation is rather unclear in the argument by the researcher. Some of them deny the importance of middle management in the CE and point towards other forces that act in flourishing the CE activities. While other think the middle management has an enhanced future as well as importance in organisational corporate entrepreneurial activities and have more positive attitude towards their part in CE functions. But the whole debate of past literature is not sure on the role of middle management as operational managers as well as the extent of their importance in this role. The literature has pointed towards quite a few middle management functions including the functions of communication, innovation, change implementation, motivation, behaviour towards risk, business strategy etc. However, middle managements association with these functions is due to their central position in the organisational hierarchy. The middle management has independence of decision making in organisational innovation to reduce the strategy making period and also save the process of implementation time. This self-sufficiency of decision making is one of feature of contextual ambidexterity and make easier for organisations to implement innovation or change. The contextual ambidexterity is also a step closer to implement innovation in organisations and also allow middle management to improve their role in process of organisational change. Due to explore and develop nature of structural ambidexterity which divide these functions between organisational departments and bound middle management not to raise their voice as it might be outside their job scope and thus limits the role of middle management. But organisations with behavioural citizenship are more likely to have structural ambidexterity as there will be no or little clash due to the separate organisational functions. On the other hand, the contextual ambidex terity results in the form of difference of opinion and rivalry among middle management to get the innovation and thats the reason it doesnt go with the contextual ambidexterity. During the literature review another thing was noticed that the up-down change strategy do not allow middle management to exert their weight upwards to formulate the change development. It is also noticed that for the improved role of middle management requires a vital approach towards change and it should be emergent as well as the intentional. Thus the implementation of change process need to be combination of both approaches and political elements should also be considered in change process. As mentioned earlier in the reviewed literature which points the improved conditions and role of middle management organisational citizenship. It also stresses on the need of deliberate and emergent strategic approach for the organisational citizenship which allows middle management to work independently in a flatter organisation with more freedom of networking across departments. The diplomacy of using these departmental networking allow the middle management to spot the change and innovation in the organisation. The organisational change or transformation through corporate entrepreneurship is always main motive for many organisations and leader use social networking to implement this change across organisation. But many of these efforts fail due to the lack of ability of top management to understand human nature towards change implementation and poor communication between hierarchal levels. Weaknesses Observed in Understanding of CE The literature reviewed earlier shows that there are number of areas in the CE which need further clarification and the research need to be more focussed on the issues of CE which are currently have a weak understanding. There are few issues that need particular focus including the understanding of CE issues including the issue how CE it is managed, encouraged as well as sustained and according to Hornsby et al. (2002) this issue is not well understood. He also emphasise on the need of research to be more focused on the dimensions that can shape and predict the environment where CE can flourish. It was noticed during the literature review is lack of appreciation for the middle management in the processes of corporate entrepreneurship even though they have central importance in corporate entrepreneurial activities. Floyds (1999) argument about the flatter structured organisation where nobody has a central importance and everybody exchange information between themselves free was ignored in the reviewed literature. There is no such discussion in the literature that who gets the influence in CE initiatives in the organisation in such flat organisations. Finally, the relation between corporate entrepreneurship and indirectly related change drivers were not studied in the existing literature and their effects on the CE related activities. The relationship between the corporate entrepreneurship and the organisation citizenship is also ignored in the current literature. Research Focus Research Question The gaps in the literature needs a thorough understanding of concept of CE and needs a further exploration of the ways the organisations respond towards the implementation of CE and also how firms react for the sustainability of corporate entrepreneurial activities. So, there are few questions that will be answered during the course of this research and are as follows: How Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) is managed, sustained, and encouraged within the automobile industry? How CE and Organisational Citizenship are inter-related? What is the relationship between middle management and Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE)? How does the hierarchal structure of an organisation influence or affect the decision making role of middle management? How middle mangers add value in the decision making process of CE? Concluding Comments The research and theories regarding the role of middle management in corporate entrepreneurship was explored during the literature review. The literature reviewed has pointed towards the presence and importance of middle management in corporate entrepreneurial processes. Although the middle managements engagement and interaction with the different interest group both inside and the outside of the organisation makes the whole process of CE complex and shows its political nature. The whole idea behind this research is to identify and fill these gaps found during the literature review and not only to contribute towards the literature on CE and also by providing clearer understanding of CE. The followed chapter will give an understanding of the methodology used to carry out the research and also the justification behind the choice of case studies.

Abc Apparel Case

ABC Apparel Case | | | | |Questions | | | | | | | |1 |What are the respective amounts and percentages of Materials, Labor, Overhead and Other in total COGS for ABC? | |* Illustrate on an Excel pie chart showing amounts and percentages for each slice. | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |2 |What percentage of total COGS is represented by what Mr. Price called â€Å"full package† (purchased finished goods)? | | | | | |â€Å"Finished Garments† represent $647 Million. This assumes the purchased finished goods are supplied freight and duty paid; otherwise, applicable freight and duty| | |costs would have to be added.Note that not all freight and duty can be added to this category, since freight and duty must also support the owned supply chain | | |operations. | | |$647 / $2528 = 25. 6% | | | | |3 |Where do you see the largest opportunities for cost reduction? List your Top 3, with strategies to pursue each one. | | |* Explain your selections. | | |Purchas e price or cost of supply (TCO) reductions in purchased finished goods. At 38% of COGS, these represent the largest single opportunity for cost | | |management / reduction. | |Material price reductions (30% of COGS) through supply chain procurement practices. | | |Other Costs. Freight and Duty represent almost 10% of COGS, which is probably ripe for improvement. Evaluate reducing carriers from 4-5 to fewer. | | |Labor – At 20%, Labor is a substantial percentage of cost but has probably already given up the â€Å"low hanging cost fruit† in the relocation to offshore | | |geography, and would probably be difficult to further reduce. | | | | |4 |Which functional areas would you prioritize in your cost reduction efforts? Why? | | | | |Following the same priorities in Question 3: | | |Purchase price or cost of supply (TCO) reductions in purchased finished goods. Apply supply chain procurement practices such as negotiated price reductions, | | |reverse auctions, global sour cing, target costing, centralizing procurement, spend analysis or supplier rationalization. | | |Material price reductions. Apply supply chain procurement practices such as negotiated price reductions, reverse auctions, global sourcing, target costing, | | |centralizing procurement, spend analysis or supplier rationalization. | | |Other Costs Reduction.Freight and Duty represent almost 10% of COGS, which is probably ripe for improvement. | | |Labor Cost Reduction. At 20%, Labor is a substantial percentage of cost but has probably already given up the â€Å"low hanging cost fruit† in the relocation to | | |offshore geography, and would probably be difficult to further reduce. | | | | |5 |Which internal manufacturing processes would you prioritize for improvement? Why? | | |Evaluate moving the textile manufacturing processes (yarn through Fabric Finishing) from US to offshore, preferably close to the cutting operations.If the key | | |materials could be sourced in-region, this would eliminate the cost, risk and lead time of shipping these products from the US to Central America / Caribbean, | | |reducing the high freight costs. | | |Evaluate Supplier Relationship Management programs with Asia garment suppliers. Objective would be to fully identify and reduce â€Å"hidden† costs of supply from | | |this region through collaborative problem-solving and joint incentives (â€Å"gainsharing†) for improved performance. | | |Pursue lead time reductions and reduced lead time variability through improved logistics practices. Seek use of technologies to identify logistics wait times | | |and unplanned delays.Consider use of a 3PL to become accountable for coordinating all Western Hemisphere logistics, negotiating with the major carriers to | | |reduce costs, pre-clearing all shipments through customs, etc. | | | | |6 |What is the ratio of internal manufacturing cost to purchased garment cost? | | | | | |Ratio, internal to external costs | | |275% | | | | | Internal $1,881 | | |External | | |$647 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |7 |Assuming a SG&A rate of 24% and a gross margin of 35%, what annual revenue would you estimate for ABC? Show your calculations. | | | | | |[pic] | | | | |8 |What is ABC's net profit margin, in dollars and percent? | | | | |11% | | |$428 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |9 |What is ABC's â€Å"profit leverage effect† of reducing purchased item costs? How much additional revenue would be required to equal a 5% reduction in purchased | | |prices paid? | [pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | †¢ 5% of 1404 = $70 Million. So, reducing purchased costs by 5% reduces COGS and increases profit by $70M. †¢ To yield an equivalent increase through sales, sales must increase by ($70/. 35) = $200 Million (6%).

Behavioral Aspects of Project Management Essay

Organizational culture can influence the overall success of a project. Unfortunately, in the given scenario the project is both behind schedule and over budget. Several key team members left in disgust and the morale of the remaining team is low and they fear they will be doing extra work without compensation. In this scenario project leadership is essential to the projects success. This project team needs a leader who can not only get this project back on track but can also build the morale of this demoralized team. This project cannot be managed in a routine fashion. Already behind schedule and over budget, this project will require innovation, skill and a highly competent project manager in order to proceed. 1. How does organizational culture influence the selection, sponsorship, prioritization, and ultimate success of projects?One of the most critical factors for project success is organizational culture and behavior to support project management process. As a result, it is highly important for organizations and managers to understand the influence of organizational behavior and culture in order to meet ultimate success of projects. In this case, we should first know the definition of organizational culture. Organizational culture is made up of attitudes, beliefs, values and behavior of its employees. It is the workplace environment formulated from the interaction of the employees in the workplace. Organizational culture is defined by all of the life experiences, strengths, weaknesses, education, upbringing, and so forth of the employees. While executive leaders play a large role in defining organizational culture by their actions and leadership, all employees contribute to the organizational culture. (1)(2)Organizational culture is important to a project success for several reasons. They are also an important source of stability and continuity to the organization, which provides a sense of security to its members. 2. In what ways could organizational culture create conditions that could lead to the scenario described above?Failing to initiate â€Å"crucial conversations† may be the single biggest cause of project failure, according to preliminary findings of an ongoing study on project management. Thus, project managers’ inability to talk to people about five often-occurring  negative situations frequently leads to failure. Setting arbitrary deadlines and inadequate resources that â€Å"set up a project to fail†. Failing to provide the necessary leadership, political clout or energy for a project. Skirting or manipulating the project priority-setting process. An unwillingness by team members to support projects as required. Failing to acknowledge project problems until it is too late for remedial action. (6)A failure to clearly and completely define the requirements results in building the wrong features or leaving gaps in the features needed. New or state-of-the-art technology is causing unanticipated problems. A poor technical design doesn’t allow the solution to be easily modified or is not scalable. Requirements are not frozen late in the project, and continued change requests start to cause the project to drift. Technology components do not fit together as designed. Poor initial testing techniques cause repeated errors and rework in later tests. (7)3. What role does project leadership play in the success of projects?Project managers have a wide range of responsibilities and face a number of challenges (challenges relate to fundamental functions: planning, organizing, hiring, coordinating, and monitoring) in a variety of areas, on a daily basis. A project manager’s role is a challenging one and requires equal measures of good organizational ability, good people skills, and the technical capacity to judge both individual performance and project  milestones. Project leaders play a significant role in the success of a project. With poor leadership, a sophisticated tool or technique only gives a bad leader the opportunity to do more damage. The person may be a better project manager, but he or she may not be a better project leader. (8) A project leader might contribute different roles in the success of a project. The new role of the project manager requires an ultimate knowledge of the strategy of the project. The PL is responsible for observing and analyzing project process and project structure. (14)A project leader must possess a certain set of combination skills and characteristics that can be used to manage projects successfully including:The diplomatic skills to solicit input and negotiate compromises, having the ability to ask penetrating questions, identifies unstated assumptions, flexible enough to roll with the changes, and resolve personnel conflicts along with more systematic management skills. (12)(13)(15) Also,Developing a grand visionBuilding, leading and mentoring the project management teamLeadership, Facilitation, communicative, Selling (promote and sell the project both within and outside the organization), Presentation skillsPeople-management skills such as constructive feedback, conflict resolution, managing individual styles and personalitiesSkills at interfacing across the organization and removing obstacles for the teamAbility to accept criticism, feedback, and input from othersSkills in using team-based tools such as brainstorming, organizing, decision-making, Project management, conflict resolution, and so on (14)(10)4. Does this role change under the conditions described in the scenario? If so, how and why? If not, why not? To overcome with this scenario, organization should hire a skilled and innovated PM who is able to lead perfectly and solve the above scenario and get the project back on track. (16)In this situation, the new leader must be able to analyze what resources were lost, when key team members left, create a new organizational culture according to the project, and create an inspiring corporate culture that inspires, empowers and energizes project team members. Generally, the project in this situation needs a leader to have enough power to make him/her able for changing the organizational culture, hiring new staffs, offering project members a sense of common purpose beyond the day-to-day  tasks, making work exciting, moving people with a compelling vision, inspiring and encouraging team members to act perfectly for achieving performance. The other important thing which is so vital in any relationship and the new leader must pay attention is building up the morale and trust among team membe rs. The new leader can help build trust faster by following these 10 practical steps:Know the players. Confirm leader role. Identify preconceptions. Set expectations. Involve the team in decisions. Do what you said you were going to do. Deliver informative status reports. Be honest. (17)(18)By bringing a new PM to the project according to case scenario, the role of Project leader would not change. Only, the new leader duties will increase since key member of the project left while the rest of team has lost their trust and motive and feel frustrated and stressed. As a result, it would be much harder for the new leader to reorganize the project progress, project members, build up and improve morale and trust within the project team-members, and let the team members know how important they are for the organization and project. In this case, leader will identify and recognize each member’s duty, skills and their job within this project process and it would be easier for the leader to define tasks. Thus, defining an effective communication plan is critical success through the course of a project. Leader must describe the project in a clear way to ensure that all tasks and responsibilities are going to be done on time and meet the schedules and deadlines. At this time it’s become highly important  for a project manager to decide whether he needs to hire some people to replace the key people or he needs to compensate the people that around in rough time with the project with the salary he would pay to new people because project is already running behind schedule. In such case the second option is more suitable, assuming the current group has the capabilities to complete the project, since project is already over budget. 5) How can a project manager build and manage a successful project team?Building a good team is extremely challenging and rewarding at the same time. It calls for some astute planning. The three most important lessons are: be true to the team’s vision, give people space to operate and develop as leaders and remain intellectually sharp as a team. The first will give the team purpose and direction, the second will give them the ability to deliver and the last will keep the team young and jumping out of their beds on Mondays. Team building in this context is a prized skill that managers are willing to invest in. It has become critical to find â€Å"team players† when selecting people for a job or business project. An organization’s potential will end where the imagination of a sharp team does. There is a lot more involved than simple complimentary skills when building an elite team. Here are seven practices at the heart of building a first-rate team. 1- Get the best on boardA PM should get only those people on board his bus who really understand and value the vision of the project. Also he should make sure and inform those people that it might be a rough or smooth ride so they don’t have any surprises2- Align tasks to skillsIf you allow your team members to progress into the areas where they excel and are interested in, you will effectively keep them engaged and free yourself from the risk of having disgruntled and frustrated team members. 3- Strike the right balanceMost projects require a mix of activities. A team needs to have a balanced set of skills, especially if the majority of the  members are specialists in their field (consultants, analysts, IT experts). All skills will come into play while the team carries out its task, and any lack can result in the hampering of the project. 4- Manage the team mixIt is difficult to predict whether the team mix is correct and if it facilitates success; therefore, constant monitoring is indispensable. Allowing someone to remain on the team when they are a mismatch can prove counter productive. Other members may become resentful when no action is taken and they are obligated to cover for a non-productive member. 5- Give the credit and take the blameDo not indulge in fault-finding or blame games. Pigeonholing a particular member of the team may spread negative vibes within the team and cost you time and quality. Celebrating every small success and appreciating team members will build a sense of camaraderie between team members. 6- Be hard on tasks and soft on peopleThe focus should be on getting the job done. Giving space to every member of the team would allow them to develop their true potential as leaders. A good player always passes the ball. Even superstars need to work as a team player. Individual accomplishments mean little if they don’t enable the team to succeed. Q 6If the new Project manager is able to apply the effective leadership style, and create a team harmony between old team members and new comers, that will certainly revitalize the project Effectiveness. Together with project management discipline, addressing these items will dramatically increase the probability of project success. As we know that just as the main reasons that projects fail are related to human nature and interaction, so are our keys to project management effectiveness. We find that o ¬nly when the appropriate culture, mindset and behaviors are in place are the project management processes able to drive value. If the project manager is able to insert these changes the organizational culture will change to one of high morale, employee satisfaction, employee involvement, formation of groups, open communication lines, and higher employee motivation, employees  embracing the change process, understanding both the ups and downs of the project, like the schedule and budget issues mentioned in the scenario, etc.)Selection & rejuvenating the team: As the project is already behind schedule and over budget, so the Project Manager should focus on selection process more seriously. There are old team members who are already working on the project with lack of resources and guidelines. To relieve these work forces from work overload, there are needs of new workforces to join as team and work together effectively. If the project manager is able to spend more time in selection process that will bring the best into the project board/team, which will certainly save, time and cost. Assign and align task as per the expertise: Once the selection is done, Project manger should categorize the tasks and subtasks as per the critical and non critical path and empower the team members as per their expertise, so they don’t caught up with authentication. This process will enable the project team to work at their best with self-motivation and develop a high degree of morale. Optimum uses of human resources at their synergy will help the project to run smoothly and reduce the project delay. Team synchronization and acculturation: A balance in terms of personality and temperament also needs to be achieved, which will promote better relationships between members of the team. Closely watching the interpersonal dynamics within the team. So by bringing the people together who have the skill sets along with the adaptability and flexibility to work with different people. Synchronized and organizational acculturation enable the project too speed up the scheduled task without any constraints and develop team satisfaction. Communication and collaboration: The concurrent changes within the team rejuvenation and synchronization will enable the project team to communicate effectively and bring the sense of collaboration with in the players. As the project is already behind the schedule, so open line communication and collaborative measures will be developed. Effective measurements: Once the organizational culture is set and adapted by  the project team, there will be an easy access for Project manager to evaluate the project success. Evaluation is very critical at this point of time, as project being behind the schedule and over the budget; project manager should imply the every allocated resource at their optimum use and assessment of every activities and achievements within the due time. Q7)An effective project team leader is a â€Å"social architect† who understands the interaction of organizational and behavioral variables can foster a climate of active participation and can minimize dysfunctional conflict. To be effective and to make better relationship among team members, the team leader must identify major issues associated with three dimensions. These are team related with emphasis on behavioral aspects such as team structure, trust and respect, or barriers to team development and so on also project tasks and resource related to it such as goals and objectives, planning and scope management are essential. What if the other essential ingredient, the team, the followers? Ideally, the more the team can be motivated and empowered to â€Å"take the bull by the horns†, the more productive they become and the less direction and control is required. This has led to the concept of Self Directed Work Teams (Swats). According to Batten, there are 6 things that members of a successful team need from their leader to built better relationship:Expectation (Tell me what you expect of me)Opportunity (Give me an opportunity to perform)Feedback (Let me know how I am doing)Guidance (Give me guidance when and where I need it)Reward (Reward me according to my contribution)Friendly environment (give me open working-environment)Given these prerequisites, both the members of a project team, the followers, and their leader can be expected to progress and develop interactively. The leader focuses successively on telling, selling, gelling and producing project activities, in which the idea is for the team to become an SDWT. However, this only occurs as a result of careful team development and typically advances interactively through four distinct phases of team leadership and â€Å"follower ship† evolution. The four phases of team development have been characterized as â€Å"forming, storming, norming an d performing†. Relationship among Team Members and External resources:Building relationship among the project team and the external resources is the main part for the project to serve the project of the company. We have to identify their level of involvement and work with them accordingly. The key to getting the most out of the outsourcing relationship with the internal project team is to have a good plan in place before hand and to work that plan, but remain flexible. The company must have a clear business goal and an understanding of the role the outsourcing partner which they will play in helping attain that goal. Performance metrics for the outsourced engagement must be in place so that the client company knows weather or not the outsourcing, train and educate the staff in the project management model. And, most importantly, manage communication effectively. Again and effective communication among team members and any outsourced contractor is probably the most critical outsourcing success factor. In fact, it is so critical in a situation where professional services are being provided and contracted for creating a maintaining sound relationship with external resourcesQ8) how would these strategies differ under the conditions described in the scenario. The team is in bad situation, and the previous team has been totally scattered. For this instance the strategies we have defined for the relationship among team members and with external resources will not be the same. So the managing change strategy will be good to handle the situation. So what I believe and also depending upon my finding a project manager should comply with certain strategies which will be helpful according to the current situation. First of all PM will find out that what the reason behind the old situation was? And why the previous manager left also why the team members are scattered and having low moral. Communication with the team members will be the key tool to identify the problem and emotion individually. After identifying the all the key problems in points the role of the PM will to point our the points to coach the employees or team players and to make their moral high, so the PM should inspire people to move forward and make objectives real and relevant. It will also be helpful for the team members to built and maintain the external relationship. Also encourage the team members continue to achieve the final goal according to their task with responsibility on time is the one of the important strategy  too. Although several key team members have quit in disgust, the PM should design the team again, get the right people in place with the right emotional commitment, and the right mix of skills and levels. As the project is behind schedule and over budget, the PM should review the post vision, get the team to establish a simple and right vision, and then focus on emotional and creative aspects necessary to drive the team effectively by building cohesion in between them also with external resources. The project is behind schedule and over budget, the PM should review the post vision, get the team to establish a simple and right vision, and then focus on emotional and creative aspects necessary to drive the team effectively. Now to let the work done properly PM has to take an empowerment action by removing obstacles, enable constructive feedback and lots of support, also PM should reward and recognize progress and achievements. PM also has to highlight achieved milestones time by time. CONCLUSION:In this paper we have addressed the influence organizational culture can have on successful project management. The organizational mission, vision, and value statements shape the expected ethical behavior of individuals. Leadership is an integral part of successful project completion. Effective leadership can influence the moral of a dysfunctional team by building trust within a team. In building an effective project team, the project manager needs to set established principles and hold team members accountable for performance and behavior that is consistent with the organizational culture. Different strategies are needed to successfully manage relationships among team members and the relationship between the team and external resources. Establishing achievable outcomes and linking performance to those outcomes allows team members to recognize achievements. Individual success leads to team success and ultimately organizational success. A culture that supports these strategies will have a competitive edge in the area of successful project management References: 1.Human Resources, Change Management, http://humanresources.about.com/od/organizationalculture/Organizational_Culture_Corporate_Culture_in_Organizations.htm2.Organizational culture, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_culture3.Strategic Leadership and Decision Making (ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE) ,aa